PESTLE analysis of Tesco and Coca Cola - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1043 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Tax policies: Tesco has to make sure that they are paying their taxes and making sure that their staffs are also paying their taxes. Trade restrictions: Tesco also have to make sure that they adhering to any trade restrictions in place in the United Kingdom. Economic climate: Because of the economic climate Tesco could be struggling to give out jobs to people which means less stores across the UK and even stores having the possibility of being closed down to reduce spending. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "PESTLE analysis of Tesco and Coca Cola" essay for you Create order Interest Rates: As interest rates go up so do the cost of items that Tesco might be buying for instance in January 2011 The VAT is set to rise to 20% making goods more expensive. Exchange Rates: Exchange rates changing mean that importing and selling goods becomes different each time as the supply of importing goods changes. Cost of capital: The cost of capital allows Tesco to see if their business is doing well and if it can be changed. New businesses: this as it allows new businesses to expand whilst also introducing new products to the supermarket chain. A good example of this is the new microwavable meals. Changes in Fashion: Changes in Fashion means that Tesco needs to change their products this can be bad but it can also be good depending on how fast it is seen. This also relates to trends. Immigration: with a lot of immigrants from Eastern Europe there is a lot of demand for new goods to be put into the stores. Rate of change: The rate of which technology changes is fast at the current time which means Tesco have to keep in with it all. Training: Without the relevant training of staff they cant use the machines properly Online Shopping: Online shopping has made Tesco extremely popular whilst also making it possible to have fewer stores around the UK and making them able to deliver to places where people may not be able to get to the stores. Health and Safety Laws: This restricts to the things that Tescos can do within their stores. Data Protection Act: They have to keep all data they take of their customers protected. Age Restriction Limits: They have to make sure that all the workers in their stores are not selling age restricted items to under age people. Pollution: They have to make sure that they are protecting the environment in such ways of not producing a lot of pollution Recycling: They have to have policies in place about how products are recycled such as their carrier bags. Energy: They have to make sure that they are not using a lot of energy PESTLE analysis for Coca Cola Political Economic Social Technological Legal Environment Government standards: If Coca Cola doesnt mean the governments expectation then the company can get a fine which can range from a small price to a big price for the company. International laws: As a global company Coca Cola needs to be careful of the changes in things such as accounting and taxation as if they get this wrong it could ruin their international status. Global company: This is a good thing as if they are lacking in sales in one or two countries they could be making it up in different countries meaning that they arent losing money all the time whereas they would if only operating in one country. Interest rates: As rates go up it costs more to produce the Coca Cola as the price for the ingredients of which they need increases. Economic Climate: Due to the economic climate when it crashes it means that thin gs like Coca Cola do not get as much money as people cannot afford to spend money on buying these drinks in bulk nor singular as the price of them rises whilst the client will be struggling with money. Budget cuts: This means that jobs will become cut and that people will become un-employed leaving fewer jobs in the industry and less chances to open more locations around the world. Nutrition and health: When people get to the age of about 37 they start to worry about their health more which means the demands for carbonated drinks from companies like coca Cola decrease alongside their revenues. Diabetes: Some people with diabetes cannot drink sugary drinks such as Coca Cola therefore having the Diet version of the drink helps as this allows them to have more of it increasing sales. Underage drinking: When teenagers get to around the age of 15 they start to drink underage this stems the sales in companies like Coca Cola as it means they arent getting as many sales. New flavours: As technology advances this allows Coca Cola to try new flavours such as the Cherry Coke and Coke with lemon. This allows the Coca Colas revenue to go up and people want to try these different flavours. Training: due to the complexity of new technology some staff will require training to operate machines or will require experience this means that less jobs can become available. Machines over humans: As machines get more complex which allows them to do more things more humans are becoming redundant due to machinery taking their position. Ingredients: Coca Cola has to follow guidelines to how much of each ingredient they are allowed to use to allow safe production and to enable people to drink these drinks without becoming ill or addicted. Health and Safety: The factories of which the drinks are produced in have to adhere to any Health and Safety regulations that are set out to stop injuries happening. Patent: All products that are made by the company have to go through a patent pending before they are allowed to hit the shelves in shops and supermarkets. Environmental laws: Coca Cola has standards set in their factorys of which they have to follow to be allowed to produce their stock. Recycling policies: Coca Cola has to try and make their bottles are recyclable as possible without making the bottles a hazard to be drinking from this means that they might have to change the materials. Energy: Coca Cola alongside many companies try to have an energy efficiency policy to reduce the energy they are using therefore not polluting the environment as much as they need to.

Beast of the Southern Wild - 860 Words

The story within the film â€Å"Beast of the Southern Wild† can give the viewer a lot of knowledge of the culture they lived in and why the characters acted how they did in several scenes compared to what individuals from other cultures would have done. The film can be believed to happen in recent times, mostly based on the vehicles which people drove and the medical equipment they had in the refugee camp, possibly pre-Katrina, in a location called â€Å"The Bathtub†, but if the film was written to take place of a real location, it could be believed to be towards the coast of Louisiana. The main characters were Hushpuppy (daughter) and Wink (father). The film told a story of a young girl who was in search of her mother, but in reality it was her journey to learn to be free and along the way, find the courage to stand up for herself against her fears, with much of that influence being taught by her father, through the means of being tough to her, tough love as many woul d say He knew he wouldn’t be around much longer and was preparing her for the world once he wasn’t around to protect her. Those moments were seen such as when Wink shouted at the rain, though drunk, attempted to show Hushpuppy there was nothing to be afriad of from the rain. Many moments were also seen of Wink restricting Hushpuppy and other characters from cry, there was never any time to cry, even when she had to confront the beast face-to-face or when he was at the point of his death (Zeitlin). The film gaveShow MoreRelatedBeasts Of The Southern Wild Analysis1293 Words   |  6 PagesIn Benh Zeitlin’s movie, Beasts of the Southern Wild, a young girl named Hushpuppy lives with her father in a small community located in Montegut, Louisiana, known by the locals as ‘the Bathtub’ for its coastal erosion. The area is also isolated from the rest of the population on the other side of a levee. They are faced with periods of intense storms and flood ing, as well as long dry periods due to climate change, but their community survives together, helping and protecting each other, and livingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Film Beasts Of The Southern Wild 1474 Words   |  6 Pages The film, Beasts of the Southern Wild, tell the story of a rural community called Bathtub in Southern Louisiana to induce themes of classism and community ties. Behn Zeitlin does a great job reminding us of our connection with each other and the world around us. The Americana aesthetic of the film mirrors our hero’s resiliency in the face of destruction. At stake in this aesthetic and exploration of these politically charged themes is an interpretation on how we can connect to each other acrossRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Beasts Of The Southern Wild 947 Words   |  4 Pages Beasts of the Southern Wild. Dir. Ben Zeitlan. Perf. Quvenzhane’ Wallis, Dwight Henry, Levy Easterly, Lowell Landes, and Pamela Harper. Cinereach, 2012. DVD. In the movie, Beasts of the Southern Wild, the setting and story line portray life in the Bathtub as a struggle; however, residence of the Bathtub sees it as a way of life. A poverty stricken group of citizens making the best of what they have, and when they face hardships, the community comes together to support each other. The movieRead MoreOn Racism Essay727 Words   |  3 Pagesown image, in the image of God he created him, and male and female he created them. 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When there is no profitable use or need for an animal in the zoo it is considered a surplus. Surplus animals, if they’re lucky, will be transferred toRead MoreSundarban History1598 Words   |  7 Pagessaline marshes and tropical wetlands containing one of the worlds largest stretches of biodiversity-rich forests – the Bengalian Rainforest. These forests were one of the richest wildlife areas of the world, holding elephants, tiger, gaur, leopards, wild buffaloes, three species of rhinoceros, seven species of deer and a wide variety of other fauna. 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Its fossil specimens had long, slender bills ,and shortened upper wing s bones topped by a knob. Surprisingly, fossils were found in the southern part of Germany which was far away from the modern hummingbird territory. Hummingbird s aggression were shaped by sipping nectar as often as every minutes. They compete by challenging and bullying each other in mid-air; post up and pirouette

Management Strategies for the Automobile Industry - Free samples

Question: Discuss about the Report on Management Strategies for the Automobile Industrys Successful Brand, BMW on Customer Expectations in the Middle East? Answer: Introduction (Background of the study) The experience of the customer contributes in determining the brand name of the automobile industry and plays a key role to capture competitive market share. This research proposal is a challenge to analyze the concept of automotive branding. The branding of automobile captures the fundamental nature of an automobile industry from the point of view of the customers. Basically, it coherent the industrys value plans in terms of relation to the customers, product quality as well as culture The increasing focus on the satisfaction of the customer as well as loyalty helps an industry to rethink on their management strategies. The value of automobile industrys successful brand, BMW is vast as well as it is a tactical tool to attract all the customers. In the Middle East countries, there is a fastest rising of automotive brand at the ending of first quarter of the year 2011. BMW group is confident in achieving a large record in the Middle East. Research Aim The main aim of this assignment is to investigate the management strategies for the Automobile Industrys successful brand, BMW on the expectations of the customer in the Middle East area. The concept of automotive branding is strained ahead the existing models as well as practices across the marketing fields. Through the research, it is being seen that the automobile company will be able to study the buying behaviour of the customers. Based on the understanding of the perception of the customers, the companies can be able to determine the actions that are required to meet the needs of the customer. The market of the car changes due to fast competition as well as advanced technology. Therefore, the automotive manufacturer understands the preference of the customers on time as well as takes necessary actions to reflect the changes within the market quickly. Research objectives To conduct the research on how the automotive parts are to be handled To investigate the factors on the basis of what the customers choose brand To know the way of thinking of the customers that promotion are important in the automotive industry Research questions 1. Is the successful brand of BMW able to meet the expectation of the customers? 2. What is the significance of marketing strategies of BMW in the regions of the Middle-East? 3. What are the steps to be taken in the Automobile Industry to fulfil the expectation of the customers? Problem statement Due to appearance of globalization as well as liberalization there is a rigid competition among the industries of automobile that focus to capture the markets of Middle East. An automobile are not to be considered as luxury, it occupies the everyday part of life as well as becomes a necessity. The attitude of the customers changed towards the fact that yesterdays luxuries are the necessities of today. In order to become successful in the market, it is important to study the awareness of the potential buyers as well as track their drivers of those perceptions. Literature review It will review the recent studies and also research done in regards to make profits in the automobile industry in case they fulfil the expectations of the customers. Based on the marketing strategy of BMW, it adopts a marketing campaign to target their customers. It tells their customers that their branded cars give pleasure in driving than any other branded car. Research on this extreme pattern indicated that the successful brand of the automobile industry achieves the perception as well as loyalty of the customers in the Middle East countries Further research publicized that ethnicity, the image of the country as well as interpersonal organize serve as drivers of automobile purchase as well as phenomenon of consumption. Therefore, the consumer ends the equation of brand that is vital in building the brand of the automobile industry. The societal structure in the Middle East countries is to be highly networked. The individual perception of the customer on the brand image as well as its perceptive influences the potential customers. Due to those reasons, it is necessary to convince the customers to believe in products as well as connect the customers with the companys brand. The customers those feel that the business model of BMW as well as their brand values tend to continue loyal and engaged in increasing their manufacturing. Automobile is considered to be a need especially in the Middle East countries. It is important in those areas to own an automobile for convenience purposes. It is also important for the customers to appraise the variety of automobile that they need to purchase. The decisions are taken based on multiple factors like the requirements of the customer, safety needs, maintenance of budget. The consumer of the Middle East countries also becomes aware of their choices as well as quality of the automobile This study provides the overview of automotive brand in this area. In view of the strong competition in the market of Middle-East in the segments of lower, middle as well as upper-middle of the automobile brands, the rating of brand of BMW from the viewpoint of their customers is also discussed. The brand awareness level of BMW among the people is analyzed. Even it is the best brand that offers best manufacturing products may fail if it fails to communicate with their customers The study al so offers some important insight on the BMWs customer satisfaction. The brand of BMW is able to provide value to its customer and gain a better market share than any other automobile industries. Research Design and Methodology The important fact of research methodology is well defined structure and sequential approach that will help to complete the research work successfully. There are three types of research design; exploratory, explanatory as well as descriptive. In this research, explanatory design is chosen that will assist to understand the effect of the strategies of marketing of BMW on the expectations of the customers in the regions of Middle East. It gets the liberty to explain the nature of the research problem, purpose of the research with the experience as well as knowledge (Al, 2013). In this research, the methodology plays a role to build the framework of the research. This research is basically based on the research on survey. This research consists of research onion to identify the research method. The philosophies to be used to develop the framework are intepretivism, positivism as well as pragmatism. This research chooses the positivism to expand its research framework as it is appropriate for a deductive research approach. The analysis is based on the statistical analysis to compute the data (Dutton, 2013). It requires acquiring a set of overview such as causality to understand the data into simplest ways. The analysis of the research is based on the customer satisfaction to identify approval of the BMWs products (Eaton, 2013). It is based on highlighting the marketing strategy of BMW, features of BMW car as well as the overall satisfaction of the customer. In the analysis, both the positive as well as negative responses are evaluated. After the analyzing of the research, it is being known more about the strategies used in marketing or selling of the BMWs car. Research Onion Research onion demonstrates the stages that cover at the time of developing a research strategy. Each of the layers of the onion describes the stages of the process of research in details. It provides an efficient succession through which the research methodology is designed. The usefulness of research onion lies in its flexibility for any type of methodology and it can be used in diversity of contexts. The first stage of research onion is to understand the process of the research. Based on the objective of the research, it is to be done. Firstly, the research philosophy refers to the nature of the reality that is being investigated. It gives the description of the quality of knowledge. It mainly defines the process of undertaking the research. This research chooses the positivism to expand its research framework as it is appropriate for a deductive research approach. This approach develops the hypothesis on the theory of pre-existing as well as it prepares the approach of the resear ch to examine it. Mainly, this research consists of surveys, interviews etc. The surveys tend to use in the quantitative research projects. It also involves sampling a proportion of the population. Sample size will be less than 20 that tend to create the results where the respondents skew the results individually (Chen, Chen and Wang, 2013). In the quantitative research, the size of the sample is important. It produces the data that is quantitative and it can be analyzed empirically. In the quantitative research, the sample represents the larger population to do the analysis. The time horizon is the time framework in the project that is required to complete the research. A time table is required to provide a plan and allocation of the time to complete the proposed research. In this research, explanatory design is chosen that will assist to understand the effect of the strategies of marketing of BMW on the expectations of the customers in the regions of the Middle East. Research approach In the research study basically follow two different approaches. The two research approaches include deductive research approach as well as inductive research approach. Moreover, the deductive research approach generally discusses about the evaluation of different existing theories with the help of data analysis. On the other side, the inductive approach also discusses about data collection, observation, data analysis and different other techniques (Starcevic, 2013). In this particular study it mainly adopts the techniques of deductive approach. Moreover, the main reason in order to adopt the deductive approach is that this approach discussed about the research study with the help of evaluation of different theories about the factors that mainly influence the customer expectations (Strebinger, 2014). However, on the other side, both the data analysis as well as finding part of the research study did the verification of all mentioned theories in relation with the customer expectation and different strategies of successful brand awareness (Yazdanifard, 2014). Sampling method In order to complete this research study, the methods of sampling becomes one of the vital aspects, especially in order to gathering primary data by doing survey. Moreover, the sampling techniques in order to do the research study needed the appropriate adaptation of sample size, sampling techniques and sample unit. Moreover, in this particular study both the aims and objectives helps the researcher in terms of dealing the primary as well as secondary data (Chen et al., 2013). Apart from this, the main aim of doing the selection of simple random sampling is that it has no biasness and the sample is also chosen in the random manner. According to this particular research study it did the application of random sampling techniques depending on the context of research study (Chen, Huang and Ji, 2012). The sample size is taken as 10. Data collection method The data collection techniques mainly help the researcher to follow the right directions in the terms of achieving the expected outcomes. Moreover, the techniques of data collection can also vary from research study to another (Stapleton and Degitz, 2014). In the terms of collecting data various techniques of questionnaire, interviews methods are used. However, the objectives of the research are to do the evaluation of successful brand on customer expectations (Alshenqeeti, 2014). Moreover, data collection methods consist of primary as well as secondary data collection methods. Moreover, the primary data collection evolves the quantitative techniques as well as secondary data collected data through journals and blogs. The process of data collection begins with selecting a sample that is based on the customer group of BMWs (Ha, Djuraev and Ahn, 2014). The reason behind selecting the customer group is that they are people who join the brand awareness program. The needs of the customer are to be focused based on the marketing strategy of BMW. The questionnaire is designed based on close ended questions. The questions will be based on the marketing strategies of BMW to satisfy the customers. These questions are given to the customer to give their own feedback and the answers are to be collected on the same day (Hofisi, Hofisi and Mago, 2014). Then the analysis is done to identify the relationship between the customer expectations and other variables. It helps to decide if the successful brand of BMW as well as its marketing strategy meets with the expectation of the customer (Shepley, 2011). Ethical issues The research is focusing on the ethical issues. The survey will not consist of those people those have some mental problems. Through the survey, the research will explain the purpose of doing the research. The analysis should meet with the objective of the research. The participants will not be able to withdraw from the participation (Peters, 2011). The participants are allowed to keep the data secure as it is confidential. All the records of the data are to be kept for at least three months. Research limitations The problem arises in the form of constraints such as budget, scope as well time of the study. The problems that faced in the course of the research are that some of the customers are not willing to participate as well as aid the research. The unsteadiness concentration sets among the respondents at the time of answering long questionnaire. It leads to difficulty in preventing incomplete questionnaire (Papalambros, 2011). The limitations of the research are due to the method of sampling that is to be chosen, also due to data that is not accurate. The limited time budget causes a huge limitation in the study of the research. Timetable A time table is required to provide a plan and allocation of the time to complete the proposed research. In this research, explanatory design is chosen that will assist to understand the effect of the strategies of marketing of BMW on the expectations of the customers in the regions of the Middle East. The time of the plan is represented in a Gantt chart. It is the tool that is used to plan as well as schedule the project. It gives an opportunity to consider the time that is taken to complete the research. At the time the research is under taken, this chart is used to monitor the progress. At any given time, it can give the status of the research. Hence, the owner can take the necessary remedial actions to bring back on course. Gantt chart Task Name Duration Aug 15 Sep 15 Oct 15 Literature Review 15 days Research methodology 5 days Research approach 7 days Sampling technique 5 days Data collection method 15 days Findings and Analysis 5 days Recommendations 2 days Conclusion 2 days Final review 1 day Submission 1 day Reference List Al, S. (2013). Interpretive research design: concepts and processes.International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 16(4), pp.351-352. Alshenqeeti, H. (2014). Interviewing as a Data Collection Method: A Critical Review.ELR, 3(1). Chen, H., Yu, D., Wang, C. and Wang, S. (2013). An Adaptive Trust Sampling Method for P2P Traffic Inspection.International Journal of Grid and Distributed Computing, 6(6), pp.103-116. Chen, S., Huang, K. and Ji, J. (2012). A Fast Sequential Acquisition Method Based on Frequency Sampling.Journal of Electronics Information Technology, 34(8), pp.1806-1812. Chen, Y., Chen, J. and Wang, W. (2013). Uniform Sampling Table Method and Its Applications: Establishment of a Uniform Sampling Method.Journal of AOAC International, 96(6), pp.1482-1486. DUAN, J. and CHEN, W. (2012). Ambulatory-assessment Based Sampling Method: Experience Sampling Method.Advances in Psychological Science, 20(7), pp.1110-1120. Dutton, W. (2013). The social shaping of digital research.International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 16(3), pp.177-195. Eaton, S. (2013). The Oxford handbook of empirical legal research.International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 16(6), pp.548-550. Ha, I., Djuraev, M. and Ahn, B. (2014). An Energy-Efficient Data Collection Method for Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks.International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 2014, pp.1-8. Hofisi, C., Hofisi, M. and Mago, S. (2014). Critiquing Interviewing as a Data Collection Method.MJSS. Papalambros, P. (2011). Design Research.Journal of Mechanical Design, 133(4), p.040201. Peters, T. (2011). Experimental Green Strategies: Redefining Ecological Design Research.Architectural Design, 81(6), pp.14-19. Shepley, M. (2011). Research Methods for Design Practitioners to Evaluate Facilities.HERD: Health Environments Research Design Journal, 4(3), pp.7-13. Stapleton, S. and Degitz, R. (2014). An Innovative Data Collection Method for Investigating Unresolved Pain After ED Discharge: A Pilot Study.Journal of Emergency Nursing, 40(6), pp.598-604. Starcevic, S. (2013). Research of brand personality concept in marketing.Marketing, 44(2), pp.149-172. Strebinger, A. (2014). Rethinking brand architecture: a study on industry, company- and product-level drivers of branding strategy.European Journal of Marketing, 48(9/10), pp.1782-1804. Yan, G. and Zhang, C. (2011). Simulation Research in Mutualism Behavior of Automobile Industry Cluster.Journal of Management and Strategy, 2(1). Yazdanifard, R. (2014). The Growth of the Automobile Industry.J Account Mark, 03(01). Zanutto, A. (2013). Handbook of constructionist research.International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 16(1), pp.87-89. ZHOU, H. and YE, J. (2013). Stratified sampling particle filter algorithm based on clustering method.Journal of Computer Applications, 33(1), pp.69-71.

Natural Rights Theory Essay Example

Natural Rights Theory Essay Natural Rights Theory Name: Course: Institution: We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Rights Theory specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Rights Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Rights Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Instructor: Date: Natural Rights Theory Natural rights theory is the belief that a person enters into this world with some basic rights that cannot be denied by any government, political power or even a constitution. Natural rights theory maintains that since individuals come into this world naturally, they have basic rights that no one can take away from them. The theory suggests that human beings as natural creatures should live and organize themselves in the society using basic rules that are laid down by nature. As natural beings, human have rights that not anyone can violate, with the main right being freedom. Further, the theory suggests that the rights are derived from the nature of man as a rational being, where the rights are necessary for his survival. In general, the theory states that man has rights granted or guaranteed upon their creation irrespective of any government manipulation, and exists across all nations, or are universal. These rights are considered to be above any law made by the government (Donald, n.d.) Natural rights are the freedoms that are established by an international agreement that imposes conduct on across all nations. The natural rights are very distinct from legal rights, which are the freedoms established in particular states and applies to that particular state. They are rights that all human beings have and are not limited by any artificial legal set-up, and not only apply to human beings, but other species. For instance, sea animals live under water by natural right and not from legal legislation dictating the same. Therefore, natural rights are those rights that cannot be change by any artificial legal legislation. Some examples of natural rights are the rights to life, ownership of property and freedom or liberty. Natural rights prevent people from certain practices such as torture and slavery, allowing them to defend their lives, liberty and property (Donald, n.d.). Natural rights theory closely relates to natural law theory. In the enlightenment age, the natural rights theory served to challenge the rights of kings and leaders, which created a justification of establishing a positive law, social contract and a government, which amounted to the legal rights. Thus, legal rights are derived from the natural rights, which also serve to challenge the legal rights when they go overboard. The legal rights were established with an aim of protecting the freedom of people, their property, and rights to live their lives as each person capable of reasoning wished to live. The natural rights theory states that all men are equal, and have the freedom to make their choices. Some of the theorists in support of the theory have stated that this is defined by the moral rights each person has, which come naturally from their free will and thoughts, enabling them to make their own choices (Donald, n.d.). The theory further suggests that human beings are capable of acting rationally and have the right to make their choices. this is to mean that anybody as long as they are adults capable of making choices have the right to do what pleases them without anybody restricting them. In addition, this would mean that everybody has a right to the particular right, and nobody would deny him or her the chance to exercise it. In addition, the theory suggests that people should act naturally, where people derive their morality. The theory suggests that morality is enshrined in the inherent nature of man, where he acts as nature in him dictates, the same way animals will act according to the nature driving them. Problems of Natural Rights Theory The natural rights theory like any other has several problems with many of its opponents criticizing it and do not regard it as correct. One of the problems with the natural rights law is different interpretations of nature, which is different across many regions and among different individuals. Thus, the notion from natural rights theory stating that natural rights are universal would not be true since people will have different interpretations of nature. Therefore, defining what is morally right would be difficult, making the natural tights theory quite problematic to understand. More so, human beings are very diverse, with capability of each having their own natural personalities. For instance, some people are generally aggressive and fearless while others are naturally timid. Since human nature allows them to have both, it would be morally right for an aggressive man to attack the timid one since they will be following their inherent natural personality and reasoning (Sullivan Pecorino, 2002). In addition, determining morality is hard due to such differences, where each individual will have his or her own reasoning on what is morally right or wrong. Natural rights theory suggests that acting in accordance with nature is morally right, while behavior not according to nature is morally wrong. For instance, when a man rapes a woman, there is nothing unnatural about it biologically. Therefore, this would not be considered an unnatural behavior, qualifying it as a moral right. This would be because the natural rights theory suggests that it is morally right for organisms to act in accordance to nature. Under such a notion, men considered aggressive would have a right to follow their natural desires and go ahead with raping women since it is natural for a man to desire a woman. This raises the question of whether men should act in accordance to their natural instincts or whether they should resist some of their inherent nature. Considering the above problems, the critics of the natural rights theory argue that even children are not innocent, and acting from their inherent natural personality, some will be aggressive on others while others will misbehave. Thus, the children go to school in order to learn how to tame some of their natural behaviors, meaning that natural does not always define morality since this would not be moral. In addition, critics of the natural theory suggest that in accordance with the natural right, people who commit some acts such as homosexuality, assault, killing among others would not be acting unnaturally; therefore, their behaviors would be regarded as morally right according to the natural rights theory (Sullivan Pecorino, 2002). Another problem is that the intrinsic nature of human beings that is concerned with establishing laws is not the same as the animals, which causes another difficulty with the theory. Natural law means following the inherent natural values where animals act as their inherent nature dictates. For instance, it is natural for a lion to kill a gazelle for food, and other animals, or for a cat to chase after rats and mice. On the other hand, man does not follow his inherent nature to the letter. For instance, it is known that man is selfish and always wants to have maximum benefits from anything, without considering others. This is not considered morally right according to the moral teachings, which means that moral teachings do not teach us to follow the natural values in us as dictated by nature like animals. Another problem of the natural rights theory is that majority of the suggested rights do not have prove, where it believes that natural rights comes from God after creating man. There is no way to prove that the natural rights are given by God. In addition, different people have different religions, meaning that the suggested rights cannot be universal as the theory suggest. This creates yet another problem for the theory, causing a lot of criticism from its opponents (Sullivan Pecorino, 2002). Bentham Rejection of Natural Rights Bentham is one of the major opponents of the natural rights theory, and rejects it completely, dismissing it as nonsense with the rights suggested not qualifying as rights. Bentham rejects the natural rights theory completely, and takes on the utilitarian moral view that considers the action with the best results for everybody. He suggests that human nature just as if science can choose the actions with the best value and benefit for people involved, with the main motive being pleasure and pain. He suggests that nature puts man under two aspects, pain and pleasure, where pleasure is the most desired people. Therefore, it is up to the people to determine what is to be done in order to realize the best result (Robnights, 2012). He attacks natural rights and suggests that rights are only created by the law. He further suggested that laws are just a command of the tow sovereigns, pleasure and pain. A government has to be present in order to have laws and rights within a community or stat e. Rights in his view are suggested to be in correlation to the duties that are determined by the law. The notion of having rights that are based on natural rights or those pre-existing an established government are considered wrong and rejected (iep.utm.edu, 2008). He attacks the natural law on his understanding of legal rights, and nature of the law. According to iep.utm.edu (2008), â€Å"the term natural right is a perversion of language. It is ambiguous, sentimental, and figurative and had anarchical consequences. Bentham suggested that natural right becomes ambiguous on the grounds that it makes a suggestion of general rights without any specifications to any object, and anyone could claim what has already been chosen by another. Therefore, exercising such a universally accepted right would mean eliminating the right itself, since what becomes a right to every man is not a right to any man at all. More so, he suggested that under such a circumstance of broadly and ambiguously implied rights, there could not be a legal system. His other attack on the natural rights theory is that natural rights is figurative, he suggests that there are no rights that are in front of the government. He says that the assumption that such rights exist seems to come from a theory of social contract where individuals form a society to choose a government by alienating certain of their rights. In addition, such a doctrine not only poses as unhistorical, but also fails to serve as a useful tool in explaining of origin of political authority. Further, he suggests that governments are risen form habit or through force, whereby, for contacts to be legally binding a government has to be in place in order to enforce the contracts. He goes further to suggest that natural rights theory is anarchical. He claims that such a right involves freedom from all moderation and particularly, from all legal control. Therefore, the natural right being in front of the law, this could only mean it cannot be limited by any law. With everybody having such freedom, the consequence would be pure anarchy considering human beings are aggravated by their own self-interests. Thus, having a right in a meaningful way requires that no one can justifiably interfere with another person’s right. This is to imply that a right must have the capability of being enforced, and such restrictions are the provision of the law. He concludes, â€Å"That the term natural rights is simple nonsense: natural and imprescriptible rights, rhetorical nonsense,—nonsense upon stilts,† (iep.utm.edu, 2008). According to Bentham, all rights are supposed to be legal and enforceable. Any right that is a right to every man does not qualify as a right since anybody can make a legitimate claim to it, meaning it is above other laws. According to him, rights are legal and enforced by government, and no right can be anterior to the government. He also suggests that all rights are supposed to be legal and specific, having an object as well as a subject, and cannot universal. He suggests that they are supposed to be made because they are deemed conducive or beneficial to the people. In addition, when their abolition would mean a benefit to the community governed by the rights, there should be nothing to stop their abolition. Thus, rights are supposed to be based on the two sovereigns as he suggested, pleasure and pai n with regard being given to the former. Thus, rights should only be made for the pleasure or benefit to the majority. Moreover, he claims that rights are supposed to exist under the law, with protection and enforcement by the government. Otherwise, rights outside or above the law are not rights, except reasons of wishing they were there. This rejection of natural rights has continued to gain influence across man countries and scholars, believing there are no natural rights as the theory of natural rights suggests. Bentham rejects the entire theory on natural rights on grounds of legal rights, suggesting that there cannot be one universally accepted right, and al rights have to be enforceable and specific, of which natural rights are not. Personal Opinion on Bentham Rejection of Natural Rights Theory On the rejection of the natural rights theory, I do agree to some extent with Bentham, although not completely. This is due to the problems posed with the natural theory that are hard to explain. In addition, the natural rights sound a little more ambiguous and unclear. For instance, the natural rights theory suggests that human beings should act according to their inherent natural personalities. Considering everybody has his or her own personality and free will, there would be chaos allowing everybody to act according to their natural traits. For instance, as mentioned earlier, those who are naturally violent will cause violence. This would be justifiable in the natural rights theory since they acted according to their traits, which comes naturally. In addition, due to diversity of the human brain unlike other animals whose inherent traits are not diversified as those of human beings. For instance, all the lions have their inherent nature as hunting to survive. On the other hand, hu man beings have diversified natural intrinsic values that they peruse, and with rights that allow every body to pursue their interests would mean having chaos since conflicts would be so many. Thus, having a legal law that governs or draws the line where no body is allowed to go overboard ensures there is order. However, on the issue that no right can be above the law, I do not agree with Bentham considering everybody has a right to life no matter what the government would say. Therefore, I do not agree with Bentham on rejecting the entire natural rights theory. The government has no right over a person’s life, and this is not enforceable legally considering life is natural and cannot be given by the government. The only thing that government can ensure is protecting of life to ensure that no body has a right to take a right to take away life. Therefore, I do agree with Bentham that rights should be made by the government, with the best interest of the community, and should be specific, and enforceable in order to maintain order that would otherwise be lost if people were given a right to act on their inherent perception. References Donald, J.A. (n,d.). Natural Law and Natural Rights. Retrieved from http://jim.com/rights.html Sullivan, S.O. Pecorino, P.A. (2002). Problems for Natural Law Theory. Retrieved from http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/pecorip/SCCCWEB/ETEXTS/ETHICS/Chapter_7_Deontological_Theories_Natural_Law/Problems_with_Natural_Law.htm iep.utm.edu. (2008). Jeremy Bentham (1748—1832). Retrieved from http://www.iep.utm.edu/bentham/ Robnights. (2012). Defining Utilitarianism. Retrieved from http://robnights.hubpages.com/hub/Philosophy-Notes

The differing notions of power and freedom explored in the Gorgias Essay Example

The differing notions of power and freedom explored in the Gorgias Paper What starts off as a discussion surrounding rhetoric, within the Gorgias, quickly but unsurprisingly transcends into a dialogue concerning the nature of virtuex of which the notions of freedom and power are intrinsically linked. Plato has the dialogue played out between Socrates and four others. Gorgias a famous Sophist and rhetorician, Polus his eager student, Callicles x and Chairephon a friend of Plato who plays little part in the dialogue. This essay shall split the dialogue into three parts, with each part considering Socrates debate with each of the three main protagonists. In each instance, the ideas of each individual regarding power and freedom will be expressed, Socrates response examined and the resulting implications surrounding his personal ideas explored. From this analysis, any overriding ideas throughout the dialogue may then be distinguished. Throughout the dialogues, power is usually the focus of discussion as opposed to freedom but it is fair to conclude that the concepts of power and freedom are so deeply intertwined that it often becomes difficult to disentangle them. Certainly Socrates and the three others seem to have similarly conflicting viewpoints regarding freedom and power. Usually in disproving his opponents views on power, he also, in conjunction, shows their idea of freedom to be faulty. The dialogue first introduces the notion of power via Gorgias, whom when questioned by Socrates declares rhetoric to be the greatest and noblest of affairs. Upon being asked by Socrates why this and not other professions such as medicine are not as noble, Gorgias retorts that a rhetorician can persuade a crowd to their personal line of thought through their oratory skills. We will write a custom essay sample on The differing notions of power and freedom explored in the Gorgias specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The differing notions of power and freedom explored in the Gorgias specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The differing notions of power and freedom explored in the Gorgias specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In this lies power since they can dictate the desires of the population and bend them to their own device. Gorgias uses an instance of him competing against a real doctor to outline his point, he states that it would for him, as a skilled person in rhetoric, be easy to persuade an assembly or equivalent that it is he who is the expert in medicine and not the doctor. He could then get profit from this by being selected for posts above the real doctor. This is the notion of power that Gorgias believes an orator possesses. Power for Gorgias is the main goal in life and since, through persuasion, he believes he can achieve power, rhetoric becomes the supreme art for him. Gorgias does not dispute Socrates attack on his ideas, in that there is no truth in what a rhetorician can state i. e no real medical knowledge is necessary in order for the orator to convince a crowd that he is the expert. Socrates points out that there is no worth in convincing a crowd ignorant of medicine that you are knowledgeable in the subject. No good will come from this, there is no benefit here for society, nor is there any good for the individual. The orator does not further themselves by continuing on with such flattery, they are merely guessing at true knowledge. Gorgias also claims to be able to last web page Polus enters the conversation on the side of his teacher Gorgias and in particular is shocked when Socrates dismisses rhetoric as being equivalent to cooking in worth and the idea of Despite talk of flattery, Polus maintains that the orator is the most powerful person in a community because he can do whatever he pleases, like tyrants, put to death any man they will is the example he offers. Socrates response to this is simply No, if by power you mean something good for its posessor the ability to do whatever one pleases is not actually power. Wielding power is not good in its own right, there also needs to be some benefit coupled with the power. Plato uses the idea that rhetoricians are not intelligent in their own right to comment that if power is the ability to get what you want then a rhetorician, without any intelligence nor rational expertise lacks power. Platos argument here is not as convincing since he redefines want continually throughout this section. He appears to restrict wanting to cases where it is actual and not just apparent. Some commentators argue that Plato is deepening our understanding of want and not just changing his definition to suit his argument or alternatively highlighting the spurious nature of oratory, there is no real knowledge at the base of rhetoric could be the subtle point he is making. This line of thought though probably affords Plato too much credit in this instance. Polus continues to claim that political speakers have power, to which Socrates paradoxically replies that they have the least power of any in the state. In order to back this up Socrates claims that, although you may be able to do what is best, it is not necessarily true that you can do what you actually want. This is because of the fact that what you want is going to be good for you, while politicians always aim for their own personal good but if they do not appreciate what this good is they will end up doing what they do not. If they are doing what they do not want then they surely have no power. To complete the paradox, the philosopher claims that politicians especially are likely to be led away by others in order to gain approval rather than pursuing there own personal good which would be beneficial for them. The conclusion is that those who apparently have the most power turn out to infact have the very least. More potential chat on Polus Socrates brings up the issue of freedom by insisting on a distinction between doing as one sees fit and doing what one wants i. e negative and positve freedom. Polus has showed that the orator can do as he sees fit, but that doesnt automatically mean that he can do what he wants. Socrates argues, and Polus agrees, that some things are good, some things are bad, and some things are in themselves indifferent but can be either good or bad depending on how theyre used. What we want are the good things, but sometimes we must do the indifferent things (some of which may be very disagreeable, like taking medicine or going on a sea voyage) in order to get the good things. We dont want the indifferent things for their own sake, though; we want them for the sake of the good things. So strictly speaking, its the good things we want. However Socrates in many ways is not really justified in drawing a distinction between freedoms since If, however, we are mistaken about the connection between what were doing and that for the sake of which were doing it, we wont in fact be doing what we want. If I willingly take a bitter medicine in order to attain health, but in fact the medicine wont cure me, Im not doing what I want, even though Im doing as I see fit. In the same way, if I put someone to death or confiscate his property, but doing these things wont actually be for good, then Im not doing what I want, even though Im doing as I see fit. Following Polus acception of Socrates ideas Callicles enters the fray, in this the last section of the book. His arguments go beyond that of Polus, he approves of power over others in order that one can indulge their whims. His philosophy on how one should live is that of might is right citing nature as his justification a very similar line that was ultimately to be taken up by Neit zsche. Socrates points out though that his ideas may leave one vulnerable to an aggressor. Can a man avoid being wronged if it be his will to avoid it is posed as a question by Socrates, intuitively and for Callicles this would appear to be false. To avoid being wronged and hence to have real freedom you need power to protect yourself be it political or otherwise. Since doing wrong is involuntary, a consequence of error, you especially need power to protect yourself from this seemingly inevitable occurance. For Socrates, the problem this idea of power being necessary brings is that it assumes life at any cost is desirable even at a cost of moral corruption. Socrates replies that if life is infact the highest good, then even if rhetoric lead to power and hence the ability to survive one should also consider other examples such as swimming which has the potential to save lives. Even more so the mechanic who may save an entire community through the machines he builds. If mere life is viewed as the highest good, then these are equally as important as power in this respect. This goes a long way in showing that power is not necessay for freedom. It goes against Callicles definition of power being the freedom to do what you wish. In essence we find that Socrates is arguing that power is not an external force but an internal one, power over oneself i. e. self control is more important than power over others. It is this critical idea that seperates Socrates from Gorgias, Polus and Callicles. Socrates links true power inherently to having an ordered, controlled body and soul. Since rhetoric, as shown by Socrates, contains no real knowledge and is simply false knowledge, no agathon or beneficial good is derived for the body or soul and hence this flattery does not provide you with any true power. The use of a dialogue on rhetoric to explore notions of power can be seen as clever on the part of Plato, since the common but false view of power, power over others, like rhetoric, gives out an impressive image but ultimately does little to advance the good and has little real worth. the discipline to act justly, live virtuously, and not need anything. Additional pertinence is carried, when one considers the recent events surrounding the historical Socrates death. Socrates was willing to die if it be the will of the government even though he had the means to escape. This treatment of power becomes all the more significant in light of the events surrounding Socrates actual trial and death. The philosopher was accused of corrupting through false instruction and treason, and convicted and executed because of his refusal to admit having acted wrongly. In light of this event and its close proximity to Gorgias creation, then, the nature of power for Plato takes on crucial importance in that he must prove his teacher died in strength rather than weakness. For Socrates contemporaries, the rampant view of power is the ability to rule over others and to satisfy ones own desires. This position is best expressed by Polus (466-69) and Callicles (490-492). Plato takes great care to debunk this formulation. On the one hand, Socrates argues, those who rule others often must perform actions they do not will in order to benefit the state of which they are in charge. In this sense then, apparently powerful tyrants are often unable to act as they will, and true power is shown to consist of something other than ruling over others. At the same time, those who repeatedly satisfy their desires do not possess real power because this gratification further fuels rather than extinguishes the appetites. A person capable of always satisfying desire is in constant need of more satisfaction, and as such possesses no true power. This point is illustrated in 493b by the metaphor of the leaky jar. Mention of probable proximity of Socrates execution to book and themes this may have inspired. Socrates views freedom for the most part, whether there is anything within that has any element of control. This would include not having any addictions or other strong needs. Ideally reducing ones needs until one is content with what is to hand is best.

Reports of ww2 essays

Reports of ww2 essays The assigned reading was for the most part the telling of soldiers stories, whether they told of the stories they'd had or the story they were currently taking part in. As a whole they weren't looking to sway my opinion in any particular direction regarding the war, just describe the situation. The first piece of writing that I found persuasive came from I. F. Stone, a writer for The Nation who was stationed behind a desk in Washington instead of behind a bunker at the time of the war. I mention the fact that he was a desk jockey because it was something I took personally when reading of the heroics of the reporter writing from the front lines. I said to myself the first time reading through his report "Why should I listen to this coward, he is trying to tell us that we are doing enough? What a hypocrite. He needs to get off his rear, get a gun and into G.I. gear.". However after reading the piece and seeing how it moved me, I saw how important a role a reporter could play back home. Stone's article "A plea to admit Jewish refugees" was the only writing that looked at the war from the broader sense of things. Most war time reporters concentrated more on what was happening in the platoons, the men's feelings and keeping moral high. This was an essential role that reporters filled, not only for the soldiers but for the folks back in the States. I know that if I was in that particular situation that I wouldn't be worrying about the Jewish refugees so much as I would be trying to avoid the bullets whizzing over head. It's important to concentrate on one thing at a time. However since Stone could look at the war as more of a political battle than a battle of day to day survival, it made him curious about what exactly are our objectives were and are we properly utilizing our resources. Through his researching he found that the only support that we were really giving was militarily, and other than that ...

Interview student from Russia Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Interview student from Russia - Article Example These are special workshops, where we meet together and discuss current issues. I try to visit as many activities as possible, for example, we have workshops on politics, economics, films and music, literature. During our last meeting (before I went to the US) we discussed the perspective of the European Union and the results of referendums in France and the Netherlands. As for me, I think, this idea has always been a bit artificial, it doesn't bring much profit comparing with the money that is spent to support it, look at the Euro, its strength won't last for long. But that is only my opinion. I am to prove it, I have to write an essay with my ideas. - In the beginning of the 90s, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, there was felt lack of finance in education, while in the US there was much attention paid to it. In the Soviet Union education was free; nowadays we have an alternative, whether to study at the state or private (which means one is to pay much for it) school, college, university. By the way, the same situation is in the sphere of medicine. - Officially, yes, but the waiting list would be very long, so, most probably, you wouldn't need any medical treatment already. That's why unofficially you have to give money to doctors or buy medicines. Then, speaking about the system of education, as for me, I study at the State University for free and even get a scholarship, but there are students who pay for their studies and these sums are really large, so, I'm afraid, higher education is not available for everyone. - In the US you have the opportunity to decide by yourself whether to study only or to work or combine your job with studies at the college or university. I think, that working while studying is very important because it is a good training and experience. - In Russia education is compulsory only for first eight classes, then you can go to work, if you want to enter the university, you are to study for two more years, and then try to pass your exams for higher education. I try to combine studies and job, though sometimes it causes problems either at the University of at work... - Let's talk about everyday life in Russia. In what ways is it interesting or strange Is it harder or easier for an average citizen in financial aspect, for example Is it hard for you, in particular - Yes. I understand. In Western countries there are very many stereotypes about Russia: that its whole population consists either of starving alcoholics or gangsters (or gangsters-alcoholics). But fortunately it is not so. Believe me. Of course, there are gangsters, like in any country - in big cities it can be rather dangerous to appear in the street late at night. As for vodka, it is still a problem, especially in the countryside, because people can't find job there, the Soviet system of kolkhoz and sovkhoz (farms which belong to the state)

Outline macro journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Outline macro journal - Essay Example They obtained more than five hundred information pieces in relation to the background of students, as well as the facilities and resources available in their schools (Heyneman & Loxley 1163). Data was collected from Uganda from sixty-one primary schools spread across five districts and three urban areas of Kampala, Mbale, and Jinja through primary leaving examination performances, inventories of facilities by the principals, and questionnaires (Heyneman & Loxley 1166). In El Salvador, they selected 595 schools based on their location and number of students after which they tested 50% of the students in these schools in social studies, math, and science. They also collected data from Bolivia, Argentina, Colombia, Peru, Mexico, Paraguay, and Brazil under the ECIEL auspices, obtaining information on attitudinal characteristics and background. Data from Egypt included school quality and achievement information and was collected from 1.250 students in 5th and 6th grade attending sixty schools picked at random. Finally, they also collected data from Botswana with regards to reading and math comprehension for 3rd, 5th, and 7th grade students, as well as inventories on facilitie s, principals, and teachers (Heyneman & Loxley 1168). Due to the similarity of each study’s design, the authors examined societal differences at varying economic development levels. Comparing the studies that they got their data from raised several concerns regarding the achievement tests’ intent, the test questions’ content, the sample populations, administration of the studies, and the sample representation (Heyneman & Loxley 1169). In their own methodological procedures, their country samples involved some five hundred independent measures of education. 300 experts in 18 countries using 14 languages in 10,000 institutions with 260,000 students and 50, 000 teachers, carried out the data they used. 45 items in the questionnaire referred to the opportunity for students

Monasticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Monasticism - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that Monastery lifestyle aids the monks to subdue their bodily passions that may hinder one from having complete dedication to God. This is via fasting, enduring harsh circumstances with people of the similar motive living together as a family. Primarily, this entails fervent fasting, praying and persevering trials for the sake of the church while making constant intercession for humankind. These trials and sufferings monks render in union with those of the Christ while in Gethsemane. Here, Christ was pleading for assistance and accompaniment in the journey of human salvation, which entailed the Holy Trinity’s intervention.This study highlights that  seclusion gives monks the detachment they require meant for external stillness or quietness, which is essential in aiding one to get in touch with oneself. Hence, monks meticulously know themselves better, so that they are capable to fight their passions and embrace a life worth of God beholding. The exercise aims at fulfilling the monastic golden vows summed up as The Benedictine Rule, which acts as a guide all through the partakers’ lives. They comprise total obedience, stability and transformation in the way of life, which will aid in subduing passions and desires of this materialistic world, thus devote to the will of God.  Monastic life calls for the monks not only for fervent prayers and be in confinements of the monastery, but also aid in situations where pastoral work is in demand.

Manipulation Of Images In Media Texts Media Essay

Manipulation Of Images In Media Texts Media Essay There are many arguments and concepts towards manipulation of images in media texts. The manipulation of images is seen every day by everybody who picks up any kind of media text from newspapers and magazines to internet articles, retouching photos is happening. Whether its changing how a person looks, changing the dominant characters surroundings or deleting parts of the image this all adds to the audiences perception of the text which the media has given them. There is no right or wrong answer unto whether the manipulation of media texts is actually something that should happen and should carry on happening throughout texts, some people think it is wrong to change the way people look, however some people believe that the changing and manipulation of media texts is all part of the media process. There are more arguments throughout the world of media which say the retouching their images is misleading for young people and manipulates them to believe this is how you should look. I want to see regular girls that look like me in a magazine thats supposed to be for me. For the sake of all the struggling girls all over America, who read Seventeen and think these fake images are what they should be, Im stepping up (Bluhm, 2012) Julia Bluhm is a 14 year old American teenager who understood the manipulation of texts and how the retouching and development of photos will influence teenage girls lifestyles and make them change the way they look at themselves because of the fake images portrayed by the media. For young girls like Julia photo manipulation could potentially make them change the ways they look at themselves due to the retouched images, young girls tend to idolize celebrities and icons in magazines. The retouched photos which may lead them to believe their own imperfections are abnormal influencing them to even turn to anorexia and body issues. Many people believe that the manipulation of images in media texts also leads to many people having low self-esteem issues which may also cause self obsessions and body issues within ones self. Theres no end of studies that show that consistently seeing airbrushed images makes women feel worse about themselves. (Crisell, 2010) There have been many articles written to show how the retouching of images affects the lifestyles and health of people, especially women. Many psychologists have studied the effects of the manipulation of media texts and how it reflects on a persons health; many say we are more likely to compare ourselves to these images due to the excessive exposure we have to them. We live in a current society which consists of a high percentage of people living with high body dissatisfaction and manipulation of images in media texts could potentially increase this percentage. Some people may disagree and believe that the retouching of images in media is a normal thing to do and is all part of the media process. No longer is it about  just  taking pictures.   Editing is involved. (Boutwell, 2012) Today, many photographers and people involved in the media believe there is a lot more behind an image and it isnt about just taking a photo anymore, editing is used in the images in media to enhanced the beauty of the image and to potentially get the most out of it. My opinion is that Photoshop is a major reason why photographers make so much money. (Boutwell, 2012) From getting the most out of the image that is possible some people say, like Allison Boutwell, that this is how photographers and the media make more money and sell more which is a process that every worldwide business want to do and this is just the way the media achieve this. Every business and company wants to make a profit, and by selling the manipulated images is the way the media do this. Arguments can show that the manipulation of images in media texts is just the way the media are trying to earn a living so to say. The retouched images seem to show more public interest than the non retouched images due to the public wanting to see the eye catching beautiful celebrities on the cover of their favourite magazines. Beauty-retouching is a quite deceptive art. (Metzmacher, 2008) Like Metzmacher some people disagree that the manipulation of images is wrong due to the idea that retouching images is only enhancing beauty of people and is seen as an art form. Today, 23 percent of women ages 25 to 29 now retouch their own personal photo and even more concerning, 41 percent among those ages 18 to 24 now retouch their photos too. Figure like this now may begin to suggest that women now begin to feel compelled to retouch their own photos due to manipulation of media images in order to fix their own personal self-esteem problems that the media have persuaded them into. Research shows that many women globally have all started editing their own photos in order to try and fit their own personal needs. Although only 43 percent of women agree with retouching photos, higher figure show that women edit their own photos. The media assist in this process subconsciously to the public, but it may lead to potential problems in the future like women becoming too obsessive with having the perfect figure and generating the perfect photo to feel they are meeting the need of the media also. Overall, the manipulation of images in media texts and be misconstrued in both directions, there are many positive and negative aspects to retouching photos. In my opinion, i do think that redevelopment of images can be seen as an art form and is only trying to enhance the beauty of the image in order to grab the audiences attention. I think that the media have in somewhat gone too far with the retouching of photos and can convey ideas to young girls and change the way they look at themselves to try and can potentially cause them problems like anorexia and low self-esteem because of the fake images which are too perfect to even be real.

K Pop Invasion

 ·Jealous Jealous of the girl who caught your eye One of my darker days When you looked at her where was I? Shoulda been in her place, here I am All alone imagining what could have been If I had been there Jealous of the one whose arms are around you If she's keeping you satisfied Jealous of the one who finally found you Made your sun and your stars collide La la la la la la la She's a very, very lucky girl La la la la la la la Jealous of the one who won your heart They say it's a perfect match She's gonna get to be where you are And I don't get better than that She'll say you're fine Whisper words I wish were mineAnd they might have been If I had been there Jealous of the one whose arms are around you [ From: http://www. elyrics. net/read/n/nina-lyrics/jealous-lyrics. html ] If she's keeping you satisfied Jealous of the one who finally found you Made your sun and your stars collide La la la la la la la She's a very, very lucky girl La la la la la la la You know I'd fight the good fight If I thought I'd change your mind But if she makes you happy I would leave that dream behind Man, she better treat you right And give you everything ‘Cause at the moment she doesn't I'll be waiting in the wings Jealous of the one whose arms are around youIf she's keeping you satisfied Jealous of the one who finally found you Made your sun and your stars collide La la la la la la la She's a very, very lucky girl La la la la la la la La la la la la la la She's a very, very lucky girl  ·We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together I remember when we broke up the first time Saying, â€Å"This is it, I've had enough,† 'cause like We hadn't seen each other in a month When you said you needed space. (What? ) Then you come around again and say â€Å"Baby, I miss you and I swear I'm gonna change, trust me. † Remember how that lasted for a day? I say, â€Å"I hate you,† we break up, you call me, â€Å"I love you. â€Å"Oooh we called it off again last night But oooh, this time I'm telling you, I'm telling you We are never ever ever getting back together We are never ever ever getting back together You go talk to your friends, talk to my friends, talk to me But we are never ever ever ever getting back together Like, ever†¦ I'm really gonna miss you picking fights And me, falling for it screaming that I'm right And you, would hide away and find your peace of mind With some indie record that's much cooler than mine Oooh, you called me up again tonight But oooh, this time I'm telling you, I'm telling you We are never ever ever getting back togetherWe are never ever ever getting back together You go talk to your friends, talk to my friends, talk to me (talk to me) But we are never ever ever ever getting back together Oooh yeah, oooh yeah, oooh yeah Oh oh oh I used to think that we were forever ever And I used to say, â€Å"Never say never†¦ † Uggg, so he calls me up and he's like, â€Å"I still love you,† And I'm likeâ € ¦ â€Å"I just†¦ I mean this is exhausting, you know, like, We are never getting back together. Like, ever† No! We are never ever ever getting back together We are never ever ever getting back together You go talk to your friends, talk to my friends, talk to meBut we are never ever ever ever getting back together We, ohhh, getting back together,ohhh, We, ohhh, getting back together You go talk to your friends, talk to my friends, talk to me (talk to me) But we are never ever ever ever getting back together  ·Awake With every appearance by you Blinding my eyes, I can hardly remember The last time I felt like I do You? re an angel disguised And you? re lying real still But your heartbeat is fast just like mine And the movie? s long over That? s three that have passed, one more? s fine Will you stay awake for me? I don? t wanna miss anything I don? t wanna miss anything I will share the air I breatheI? ll give you my heart on a string I just don? t wanna miss anything I? m trying real hard not to shake I? m biting my tongue but I? m feeling alive And with every breath that I take I feel like I? ve won You? re my key to survival And if it? s a hero you want [. From: http://www. elyrics. net/read/s/secondhand-serenade-lyrics/awake-lyrics. html . ] I can save you, just stay here Your whispers are priceless Your presence is too so please stay here Will you stay awake for me? I don? t wanna miss anything I don? t wanna miss anything I will share the air I breathe I? ll give you my heart on a string I just don? t wanna miss anythingSay my name, I just want to hear you Say my name, so I know it's true You? re changing me, you? re changing me You showed me how to live, so just say, so just say That you? ll stay awake for me I don? t wanna miss anything I don? t wanna miss anything I will share the air I breathe I? ll give you my heart on a string I just don? t wanna miss anything  ·Inside My Heart I am nobody with no sense at all Pale as the mountain, cold as the shore Tried reminiscing, alone imagining What if I come to you? Then I stood up making the hours Gazing the sunsets, watching the stars.. Sparkling, smiling hello to my eyes. These as you come to meChorus: Inside my heart is you No greater love, no one above you Inside my heart is you Stay in love always, as I live in your ways Coz, inside my heart is you.. Play with the raindrops, lie on the sand (From: http://www. elyrics. net/read/f/frencheska-farr-lyrics/inside-my-heart-lyrics. html) Sail through the ocean, chasing the clouds Showed me completely what life is about†¦ I left with no worries flying so high (Repeat chorus) The end of all waiting, my new beginning Coz you have loved me this way. Inside my heart is you (oohh) No greater love no one above you ( no one above you†¦ oohh) Inside my heart is youStay in love always, as I live in your ways Coz, inside my heart is you.. Now I know the meaning Its love you creating The love in my heart is you†¦ Ins ide my heart is you..  ·Baby Baby [TAEYEON] Dorineun mam goma oon mam gadeukhi damaso Jelyebeun pojak soge (jonhago shipeunde) [YURI] Anilgoya ooseulgo ya ungdoonghan sang sang daemooneh Mae il miruneun babo (wae nagat janh ge) [JESSICA] Neul ootdon moseub neega nae mam hoob chingo [SUNNY] Gong maro numoo malo andweneunde [ALL] Please baby baby baby geu dae ga nae aneh [SEOHYUN] Numoo do gipi deurowa bo ilga iron nae sujubeun gobaek [ALL] Baby baby baby salmyo shi dagaga [SOOYOUNG]Jakeun mogsoriro gaga ee noman deurige malhae joolgeh [YOONA] Dab dab han mam mianhan mam onjenga jonaejool Mae il sahyo ganeun sunmool (jonhago shipeunde) [TIFFANY] Anilgo ya shireulgoya Geunyang nalpyon han chingu ee sangeun joldae anya (geuromyun ajae? ) [SUNNY] Neul otneun moseub nimam hoob chigo shipo [TAEYEON] Jongmaro numoo deulryo jugo shipo [ALL] Please baby baby baby geudaega nae aneh [From: http://www. elyrics. net/read/g/girls_-generation-lyrics/baby-baby-lyrics. html ] [JESSICA] Numoodo gipi deurowa bo il ga iron nae sujubeun gobaek [ALL] Baby baby baby sal myo shi dagaga [HYOYEON] Boodeuron noon ooseum euro noye momeh seumyo algoya [SEOHYUN] Sashil nudo algo nagagaji mothaneun nal [JESSICA] Oneu saenga naege no daga ogo itneungol [TAEYEON] Pogeunhan geu poomeuro nal gok anajwo [ALL] Please baby baby baby geudaega nae aneh [YURI] Numoo do gipi deurowa bo il ga iron nae sujubeun go baek [ALL] Baby baby baby sal myo shi dagaga [YOONA] Jakeun mogsoriro gaga ee noman neurige malhae jooleh [ALL] Please baby baby baby naega geudae aneh [TIFFANY] Sojong han sarang maneuro gadeugi chaewo nogo shipungolyo [ALL] Baby baby baby ijeneun geudaeye [TAEYEON] Nugodo boorubji anheul gajang yebeun yoja chinguya [ALL] Please baby baby baby

A Critical Analysis – John Keats, “Ode on a Grecian Urn”

The Romantic Period introduced a variety of writing styles. The authors of the early eighteenth century altered many of the earlier romantic pieces. The early writers primary area of concern was nature. It was not until the ladder part of the eighteenth century that authors began to focus on the supernatural as well as nature. John Keats unique style of writing gave the world a great respect for his work. Keats felt his poetry should effect the readers emotions, and only great poetry could move the reader to the point of enjoyment. In doing this Keats felt the only way to achieve his goal of â€Å"moving his udience† was to surrender to uncertainties, or by believing much of life is unexplainable, especially human beings, who strive on emotion that guide their wants and needs. In the â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn†, the urn represents a story without regard to time. (Bloom 16). The unchanging marble arrests time through the urn. (Bloom 16). â€Å"When old age shall this generation waste, Thou shalt remain† (lines 46-47), describes the unchanging marbles and the characters on the urn. With the unchanging marble, the urn has slowed time towards eternity, making artwork immortal (bloom 16). This shows the immortal side of the Grecian urn physical appearance. The unchangeable urn also displays a tale of an everyday place. The urn show the people with their endless deeds. â€Å"Fair youth, beneath the trees, thou canst not leave Thy song, nor ever can those trees be bare; Bold Lover, never, never canst thou kiss, Tough winning near the goal- ye, do not grieve; She cannot fade, though thou hadt not thy bliss, Forever wilt thou love, and she be fair! (lines 15-20). Life is halted and can never continue from this point. The fair youth, the Bold Lover, the trees of spring, and the season spring, can ever leave their endless deeds. Immortality of the town is shown. What little town by river or seashore, Or mountain-built with peaceful citadel, Is empitied of this folk, this pious morn? And, little town, thy streets forevermore Will be silent be†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (lines 35 – 39). The town will never see people inhibiting it, bringing loneliness and immorality throughout the town. These are the advantages mortality give to the living. The themes of immortality and morality can be seen throughout â€Å"Ode of a Grecian Urn. † The unchanging marble of the urn can be considered immortal just as the tale displayed on the urn. The fact that the tale on the urn can never change shows the disadvantage of being mmortal and the reason why morality can be better. The poem begins by probing the reader with a series of questions presented by the speaking subject. Keats then permits the urn to speak without speaking, to â€Å"express a flowery tale more sweetly than rhyme. Keats has trouble getting outside of the answers he continually struggle with during his writing career. He presents a series of questions he expects the urn, or the representative of the urn to answer. Scott says, â€Å"the ode does not begin with the speakers attempt to compete with the urn, but with a homage to its strange enealogy and its paradoxical powers of eloquence† (Scott 135). Scott also says, Keats immediately becomes impatient with the urn’s silence and seeks to impose his own dialogue on the existing surface of the urn. Andrew Bennett recognizes Keat’s desire to enter the dialogue saying, â€Å"Keats always seems about to burst into narrative† (Bennett 130). He appears from the beginning to question the urn, then later adds his answers. Keats now haunts the reader at the end of the poem by questioning the nature of truth represented by the urn. Stillenger accurately states in â€Å"The Hoodwinking of Madeline†, the question of he urn, â€Å"Who said what to whom at the end of ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn? † (Stillinger 167- 173). Truth is related to whom we identify as the speaking subject. Someone or something is addressing the reader directly. Someone is defined as â€Å"a friend of man†. Keats sees the â€Å"happy lover† as well as the â€Å"object of desire†, the three boughs and the piper. The urn contains a scene ambiguous in meaning. He presents questions within the first through forth stanzas. He demands origins, names and meaning in regards to specified events. The unanswered questions are left for the reader to answer. Jason Muro says, the ode inscribes a sine wave, with five distinct points along its length. First, the poet is steeped in despair brought about b the world’s unrelenting flex. Second, upon entering the urn, he is filled with hope he has found the antidote for despair. Third, he finds his hope unfounded, the antidote was a placebo. Fourth, he closely examined the urn, he embodies a terror more intense than the despair from which he sought relief. The Placebo is in fact poison. Last, he embraces transient conditions of the world as an antidote to the terrors of the urn. The point of origin of Keats initial problem from which he wants to ascene becomes his point of salvation he want to climb by the end of the poem. Keats became apart of his poetry by becoming all of its characters in one aspect or another. He is the â€Å"unheard melody that is never really heard or appreciated in its lifetime†. He is the tree that will never go bare, because he died during the spring season of the year. He is the bold lover that will never kiss yet will forever love. Line after line Keats is the representative of the objects and people he describes. The happy boughs, happy melodist, and the pining lover. I believe the poet and the urn to one in the same. The question is, What was the meaning of â€Å"beauty is truth, truth is beauty? Stiller believes it to mean, â€Å"face value, the statement is false, and Keats knew this and understood this, but maybe considered it a simple, sarcastic equation that would guarantee a frivolous, superficial existence in a society consumed with who’s who. † (200). Keats was making a mockery of the ideal, ‘forever happy’ lifestyle by realizing no one is truly happy no matter how thing appear to the outside world. The urn may have been representative of Keat’s dream of a short lifestyle. A group whose motto was â€Å"Beauty is truth, truth beauty,† and were there beliefs to their end. What was the true sacrifice Keats endured within this work? Was so much of his time spent creating this fictional urn, only to inform society of his final analogy of his time on earth? Did Keats consider himself to be the â€Å"Sylvan historian? † Had he mastered the superficial rules to life and living on earth? Was he letting the reader in on his theory? of â€Å"Beauty is truth, truth beauty? † These are questions that may remain unanswered by Keats, but remain a mystery to whomever has the opportunity to explore â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn. Taking a look into to today’s society, we find the same belief. Appearing to be physically perfect is the new trend. We worship Hollywood stars and try to model our own lives after them. The media makes the world of Hollywood perfect and we sometimes have a difficult time deciphering between our world and their world. There are many of us who aspire to be like the ‘stars’ yet there is a hidden message within the lives they lead. â€Å"Beauty is truth, truth beauty. † This message is apparent whenever a ‘star’ is in the spotlight. Society believes in the reality behind the message â€Å"Beauty is truth, truth beauty. We want to believe this message is the key to all our happiness. We all at one time or another within our lives have tried to live according to our favorite celebrity, just as Keats idolized the people projected on his urn. Keats life unfortunately ended before it ever began yet he was able to realize despite his heartbreak and illness, that this is almost never true. No matter how perfect things appear to be on the outside, it’s totally different when you attempt to put the other person shoes on and takes a stroll. In other words, things are not what they always appear to be.

Profile of Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal

Profile of Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal Portugal is a country that has no coast along the Mediterranean Sea, only the Atlantic Ocean, so the countrys advances in worldwide exploration centuries ago may come as no surprise. That said, it was the passion and goals of one man who truly moved Portuguese exploration forward, the man known as Prince Henry the Navigator (1394–1460). Formally, he was Henrique, duque de Viseu, senhor da Covilh. Fast Facts: Prince Henry the Navigator Known For:  He founded an institute for explorers, and people from around the world visited to learn about the latest discoveries in geography and navigation technology.Born:  1394 in Porto, PortugalParents:  King John I of Portugal, Philippa of Lancaster, of EnglandDied:  1460 in Sagres, PortugalSpouse: NoneChildren: None Although Prince Henry never sailed on any of his expeditions and rarely left Portugal, he became known as Prince Henry the Navigator because of his patronage of explorers, who increased the worlds known geographic information through the sharing of knowledge and by sending expeditions to places previously uncharted. Early Life Prince Henry was born in 1394 as the third son of King John I (King Joao I) of Portugal. At the age of 21, in 1415, Prince Henry commanded a military force that captured the Muslim outpost of Ceuta, located on the south side of the Strait of Gibraltar, on the northern tip of the African continent and bordering Morocco. It became Portugals first overseas territory. On this expedition, the prince learned about gold routes and became fascinated with Africa. The Institute at Sagres Three years later, Prince Henry founded his navigational institute at Sagres on the southwestern-most point of Portugal, Cape Saint Vincent- a place ancient geographers referred to as the western edge of the earth. The institute, best described as a 15th-century research and development facility, included libraries, an astronomical observatory, shipbuilding facilities, a chapel, and housing for staff. The institute was designed to teach navigational techniques to Portuguese sailors, to collect and disseminate geographical information about the world, to invent and improve navigational and seafaring equipment, and to sponsor expeditions. Prince Henrys school brought together some of the leading geographers, cartographers, astronomers, and mathematicians from throughout Europe to work at the institute. When people returned from voyages, they brought back with them information about currents, winds- and could improve existing maps and seafaring equipment. A new type of ship, called a caravel, was developed at Sagres. It was fast and was much more maneuverable than prior types of boats, and though they were small, they were quite functional. Two of Christopher Columbus ships, the Nina and the Pinta, were caravels (the Santa Maria was a carrack). Caravels were dispatched south along the western coast of Africa. Unfortunately, a major obstacle along the African route was Cape Bojador, southeast of the Canary Islands (located in Western Sahara). European sailors were afraid of the cape, for supposedly to its south lay monsters and insurmountable evils. It also hosted some challenging seas: tough waves, currents, shallows, and weather. Expeditions: Goals and Reasons Prince Henrys expeditionary goals were to increase navigational knowledge along the western coast of Africa and find a water route to Asia, to increase trade opportunities for Portugal, to find gold to provide the trips own funding, to spread Christianity around the world, and defeat Muslims- and perhaps even to find Prester John, a legendary wealthy priest-king thought to reside somewhere in Africa or Asia. The Mediterranean and other ancient East sea routes were controlled by the Ottoman Turks and Venetians, and the breakup of the Mongol Empire made some known land routes unsafe. Thus came the motivation to find new water routes heading East. Exploring Africa Prince Henry sent 15 expeditions to navigate south of the cape from 1424 to 1434, but each returned with its captain giving excuses and apologies for not having passed the dreaded Cape Bojador. Finally, in 1434 Prince Henry sent Captain Gil Eannes (who had previously attempted the Cape Bojador voyage) south; this time, Captain Eannes sailed to the west prior to reaching the cape and then headed eastward after passing the cape. Thus, none of his crew saw the dreadful cape, and it had been successfully passed, without catastrophe befalling the ship. This was the first European expedition to sail past this point and successfully return. Following the successful navigation south of Cape Bojador, exploration of the African coast continued. In 1441, Prince Henrys caravels reached Cape Blanc (the cape where Mauritania and Western Sahara meet). The expedition brought back some blacks as exhibits of interest to show the prince. One negotiated his and his sons release by promising several slaves upon their safe return home. And so it began. The first 10 slaves arrived in 1442. Then it was 30 in 1443. In 1444, Captain Eannes brought a boatload of 200 slaves back to Portugal. In 1446, Portuguese ships reached the mouth of the Gambia River. They were the first Europeans to sail that, too. In 1460 Prince Henry the Navigator died, but work continued at Sagres under the direction of Henrys nephew, King John II of Portugal. The institutes expeditions continued to venture south, then rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and sailed to the east and throughout Asia over the next few decades. The European Age of Discovery and Its Aftereffects The 100-year period from the mid-15th century to the mid-16th is called the European Age of Discovery or Age of Exploration, when Portugal, Spain, Great Britain, the Netherlands, and France sent out voyages to previously unknown lands and claim their resources for their country. The cheapest labor to work on plantations for crops such as sugar, tobacco, or cotton were slaves, brought on a triangular trade route, one brutal leg of which was known as the middle passage. Countries that are former colonies still suffer the aftereffects today, especially in Africa, where there is poor or inconsistent infrastructure in many areas. Some of the countries just gained their independence in the 20th century. Sources Dowling, Mike. Prince Henry the Navigator. MrDowling.com. https://www.mrdowling.com/609-henry.html.â€Å"Henry the Navigator.†Ã‚  Biography.com, AE Networks Television, 16 Mar. 2018, www.biography.com/people/henry-the-navigator.Henry the Navigator.  Encyclopedia of World Biography.  Encyclopedia.com.  https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/spanish-and-portuguese-history-biographies/henry-navigator.Henry the Navigator Facts. YourDictionary.com. http://biography.yourdictionary.com/henry-the-navigator.History. Sagres.net. Allgarve, Promo Sangres, and Municipia do Bispo. sagres.net/history.htm.Nowell, Charles E., and Felipe Fernandez-Armesto. â€Å"Henry the Navigator.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 12 Nov. 2018, www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-the-Navigator.The Portuguese Role in Exploring and Mapping the New World. Library of Congress. loc.gov/rr/hispanic/portam/role.html.Prince Henry the Navigator. PBS. https://www.pbs.org /wgbh/aia/part1/1p259.html.

25 Synonyms for Beginner

25 Synonyms for Beginner 25 Synonyms for â€Å"Beginner† 25 Synonyms for â€Å"Beginner† By Mark Nichol There are a lot of terms used to identify a beginner many of them condescending or derogatory, so pay attention to connotation before employing any of these synonyms: 1. Abecedarian (from the Latin term abecedarius, â€Å"of the alphabet,† coined from linking the first four letters of the alphabet with vowels to form a pronounceable word): One in the early stages of learning. 2. Amateur (from the Latin term amator, â€Å"lover†): Someone who engages in an area of skill or expertise without remuneration, or, derogatorily, a person without experience or ability. 3. Apprentice (from the Latin term apprendere, â€Å"to learn†): One in the midst of hands-on training; originally denoting someone bound by a contract to train with a craftsperson, but now employed simply to refer to someone inexperienced. The term is used in a naval enlisted rank (â€Å"seaman apprentice†) and for the lowest level in Freemasonry (â€Å"entered apprentice†). 4. Babe (from the Middle English word coined in imitation of baby talk): An inexperienced person, with a condescending connotation of naivete. 5. Boot (from Anglo-French bote, â€Å"boot†): A US Navy or US Marine Corps recruit, perhaps from â€Å"boot camp†). Condescending. 6. Colt (from the Old English term for a young horse): A young, inexperienced person. Condescending. 7. Cub (from the word for a young animal): A young, inexperienced person, as in the expression â€Å"cub reporter,† referring to a new journalist. Condescending. 8. Fledgling (ultimately from Old English fleogan, â€Å"to fly†): Originally, use was confined to the literal meaning of â€Å"a young bird just learning to fly†; now, it is also a rare informal, condescending term for a young, inexperienced person (and is used to refer to a new enterprise). 9. Freshman (derived from fresh, as in â€Å"new to a situation,† and man): Originally referred only to a first-year student; now also denotes a politician or an athlete at the beginning of their career. 10. Greenhorn (from an obsolete English word referring to the new horns of a young horned mammal): Refers not only to a naive, inexperienced person but also to someone unfamiliar with customs or procedures. Condescending. 11. Layperson (from the Latin term laikos, â€Å"of the people†): A non-gender-specific variation of layman, originally denoting someone who is not a member of the clergy but now a general reference to someone who is not part of a particular profession or does not have expertise in a given subject matter. 12. Neophyte (from the Latin term neophytus, â€Å"newly planted† or â€Å"newly converted,† from the Greek word neophytos): A beginner or a convert. Mildly condescending. 13. Newbie (a diminutive noun derived from new): A person new to a place or situation, especially one unfamiliar with the conventions and etiquette of online interaction; a newer diminutive of this slang term is noob (or n00b, using zeros instead of the letter o, a variation often used in online conversation). Condescending or even derogatory. 14. Newcomer (a compound noun formed from new and come): Originally, one newly arrived to a location, but now a beginner in general. 15. Novice (from the Latin term novicius, â€Å"newly imported†): Originally, a probationary member of a religious organization, now generally someone with rudimentary skills. Depending on context, can be condescending. 16. Novitiate (see novice, above): A variation of novice, as well as a word for the condition of being a clerical novice, or the name of their residence. 17. Proselyte (from the Latin term proselytus, â€Å"foreign resident,† derived from the Greek word proselytos): A recent convert. 18. Probationer (from the Latin term probare, â€Å"approve†): Someone in the process of learning. 19. Punk (origin obscure): A young, inexperienced person, though it also has connotations pertaining to punk subculture and to sexuality. Derogatory. 20. Recruit (from the French term recrute, derived from recroistere, â€Å"to grow up again†): A newcomer; often used in a military or similar context. The term is used in the lowest naval enlisted rank (â€Å"seaman recruit†). Depending on context, can be condescending. 21. Rookie (uncertain; perhaps derived from recruit): One in his or her first year or years of experience, originally in the context of professional sports but now general in usage. (The back-formation rook is rare.) Depending on context, can be condescending. 22. Tenderfoot (a combination of tender and foot): Originally, someone new to a frontier area, unused to hardship; in the modern sense, a beginner. Condescending. 23. Trainee (from the Latin term traginare, â€Å"to draw† or â€Å"to train†): One learning a job or skill. 24. Tyro (from the Latin term tiro, â€Å"young soldier†): An inexperienced person. 25. Virgin (from the Latin term virgo, â€Å"young woman, virgin†): Originally a specific reference to a female with no sexual experience, now used lightheartedly to refer to someone new to a situation. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:English Grammar 101: All You Need to KnowBody Parts as Tools of MeasurementCapitalizing Titles of People and Groups